OOP concepts in Java

Encapsulation

How it works in Java:

1. Fields are made private
2. Each field in a class gets two special methods: a getter and a setter. Getter methods return the value of the field. Setter methods let you change the value of the field in an indirect but permissible way.

Example of encapsulation in Java code:

public class Student {
private int age;
private String name;

public int getAge() {
return age;
}

public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}

public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}

public class Test{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student firstStudent = new Student();
firstStudent.setName("John");
// The name field is private, so you can no longer do this:  firstStudent.name = "John";
}
}

Why should you use encapsulation?

public class HockeyStudent {
public String name;
public  int ageOfEnrollment;
}

Inheritance

How it works in Java:

1. Create the parent class.
2. Create the child class using the extends keyword.
3. In the Child class's constructor, use the super(parentField1, parentField2, ...) method to set the parent's fields.

Student firstStudent = new Student();

Some rules:

1. One class can have only one parent.
2. One parent class can have many child classes.
3. A child class can have its own child classes.

Example of inheritance in Java code

public class Phone {
    int price;
    double weight;

// Constructor
public Phone(int price, double weight) {
        this.price = price;
        this.weight = weight;
    }

    void orderPhone(){
        System.out.println("Ordering phone...");
    }
}

Example of inheritance in Java

public class Android extends Phone {

// Some new fields
String androidVersion;
int screenSize;

    String secretDeviceCode;

// Constructor
    public Android(int price, double weight, String androidVersion, int screenSize, String secretDeviceCode) {
        super(price, weight); // Android inherits Phone’s fields

        //this - reference to the current object
        //super - reference to the parent object

        this.androidVersion = androidVersion;
        this.screenSize = screenSize;
        this.secretDeviceCode = secretDeviceCode;
    }

	// New Android-specific method, does not exist in the Phone class
    void installNewAndroidVersion() {
        System.out.println("installNewAndroidVersion invoked...");

    }

}

public class IPhone extends Phone {

    boolean fingerPrint;

    public IPhone(int price, double weight, boolean fingerPrint) {
        super(price, weight);
        System.out.println("IPhone constructor was invoked...");
        this.fingerPrint = fingerPrint;
    }

    void deleteIPhoneFromDb() {
        System.out.println("deleteIPhoneFromDb invoked...");
    }

@Override // This is about polymorphism, see below
void orderPhone(){
        System.out.println("Ordering my new iPhone and deleting the old one...");
    }
}

Polymorphism

What that means and how it works in Java:

Method overriding

Example of polymorphism in Java code

public class Musician {
    String name;
    int age;

    // Default constructor
    public Musician() {
    }

    // Parameterized constructor
    public Musician(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    void play() {
        System.out.println("I am playing my instrument...");
    }
}

public class Pianist extends Musician {

    String favoritePianoType;

    public Pianist(String name, int age, String favoritePianoType) {
        super(name, age);
        this.favoritePianoType = favoritePianoType;
    }


    @Override
void play(){
        System.out.println("I am playing the piano...");
    }
}

public class Violinist extends Musician {
    boolean isSoloist;

public Violinist(String name, int age, boolean isSoloist) {
            super(name, age);
            this.isSoloist = isSoloist;
        }


    @Override
void play(){
if (isSoloist)
        System.out.println("I am playing the violin solo...");
else
System.out.println("I am playing the violin in an orchestra...");

    }
}

public class Demo {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
  Musician musician = new Musician();
  Violinist violinist = new Violinist("John", 32, true);
  Pianist pianist = new Pianist("Glen", 30, "Acoustic");

  System.out.println("Musician said:");
  musician.play();
  System.out.println("Violinist said:");
  violinist.play();
  System.out.println("Pianist said:");
  pianist.play();
    }
}

Musician said:
I am playing my instrument...
Violinist said:
I am playing the violin solo…
Pianist said:
I am playing the piano...

public class Pianist extends Musician {

    String favoritePianoType;

    @Override
    void play(){
        super.play();
        System.out.println("I am playing the piano...");
    }
}

Musician said:
I am playing my instrument...
Violinist said:
I am playing the violin solo...
Pianist said:
I am playing my instrument...
I am playing the piano...

Method overloading

public class Pianist extends Musician {

    String name;
    int age;
    String favoritePianoType;

    @Override
    void play(){
        super.play();
        System.out.println("I am playing the piano...");
    }
    void play(boolean isElectricity){
        if (isElectricity) {
            System.out.println("The electricity is on.");
            System.out.println("I am playing the piano...");
        }
        else System.out.println("I can't play this without electricity.");
    }
}

void play(boolean isElectricity){
        if (isElectricity) {
            System.out.println("The electricity is on.");
            play();
        }
        else System.out.println("I can't play this without electricity.");
    }

public class Demo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Musician musician = new Musician();
        Violinist violinist = new Violinist("John", 23, true);
        Pianist pianist = new Pianist("Glen", 30, "Acoustic");

        System.out.println("Musician said:");
        musician.play();
        System.out.println("Violinist said:");
        violinist.play();
        System.out.println("Pianist said:");
        pianist.play();
        System.out.println("The pianist will now try the electric piano:");
        pianist.play(true);
        System.out.println("The electricity has been shut off. Now when trying the electric piano, the pianist says:");
        pianist.play(false);
    }
}

Musician said:
I am playing my instrument...
Violinist said:
I am playing the violin solo...
Pianist said:
I am playing my instrument...
I am playing the piano...
The pianist will now try the electric piano:
The electricity is on.
I am playing my instrument...
I am playing the piano...
The electricity has been shut off. Now when trying the electric piano, the pianist says:
I can't play this without electricity.

Abstraction

How it works in Java:

1. The lowest level of abstraction is a specific object. It is an entity with a set of characteristics that belong to a specific class. It has specific field values

2. A template for creating objects is a class. It's a description of a set of objects with similar properties and internal structure.

3. An abstract class is an abstract description of the characteristics of a set of classes (it acts as a template for inheritance by other classes). It has a high level of abstraction, so it is impossible to create objects directly from an abstract class. Only child classes of abstract classes can be used to create objects. An abstract class may include methods with an implementation, but this is not a requirement.

4. An interface is a construct of the Java programming language construct that contains only abstract public methods and static constant fields (final static). In other words, neither abstract classes nor interfaces can be used to generate objects.

Example of an interface in Java code

interface Human {
	public void struggle();
	public void protect();
}

interface Vulcan {
	int angleOfPointyEars;
	public void turnOffEmotions(boolean isOn);
	public void telepathy();
}

The Spock class implements Human and Vulcan {
public void struggle() {
System.out.println("I am struggling...");
}
	public void protect() {
System.out.println("You are under my protection!”);
}
public void turnOffEmotions(boolean isOn){
If (isOn) {
System.out.println("I am turning off my emotions.");
isOn= !isOn;
}
}
	public void telepathy() {
System.out.println("Connecting to your brain...");
}

}