Java 中的設計模式 [第 2 部分]

大家好。在我之前的文章中，我簡要描述了每種模式。在本文中，我將嘗試詳細展示如何使用這些模式。

創意的

單例

說明：將類的創建限制為單個實例，並提供對該單個實例的訪問。該類的構造函數是私有的。該getInstance()方法只創建該類的一個實例。 執行：


class Singleton {
    private static Singleton instance = null;
    private Singleton() {}
    public static Singleton getInstance() {
        if (instance == null) {
            instance = new Singleton();
		}
        return instance;
    }
    public void setUp() {
        System.out.println("setUp");
    }
}

public class SingletonTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Singleton singelton = Singleton.getInstance();
        singelton.setUp();
    }
}

工廠

說明：當我們有一個包含多個子類的超類並且我們需要根據輸入返回一個子類時使用。該類不知道它應該創建什麼類型的對象。對像是根據輸入創建的。 執行：


class Factory {
    public OS getCurrentOS(String inputOS) {
        OS os = null;
        if (inputOS.equals("windows")) {
            os = new windowsOS();
        } else if (inputOS.equals("linux")) {
            os = new linuxOS();
        } else if (inputOS.equals("mac")) {
            os = new macOS();
        }
        return os;
    }
}
interface OS {
    void getOS();
}
class windowsOS implements OS {
    public void getOS () {
        System.out.println("uses Windows");
    }
}
class linuxOS implements OS {
    public void getOS () {
        System.out.println("uses Linux");
    }
}
class macOS implements OS {
    public void getOS () {
        System.out.println("uses macOS");
    }
}

public class FactoryTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args){
         String osName = "linux";
        Factory factory = new Factory();
        OS os = factory.getCurrentOS(osName);
        os.getOS();
    }
}

抽象工廠

描述：讓您從可能的工廠系列中選擇一個特定的工廠實現。創建一系列相關對象。易於擴展。 執行：


interface Lada {
    long getLadaPrice();
}
interface Ferrari {
    long getFerrariPrice();
}
interface Porshe {
    long getPorshePrice();
}
interface InteAbsFactory {
    Lada getLada();
    Ferrari getFerrari();
    Porshe getPorshe();
}
class UaLadaImpl implements Lada { // First
    public long getLadaPrice() {
        return 1000;
    }
}
class UaFerrariImpl implements Ferrari {
    public long getFerrariPrice() {
        return 3000;
    }
}
class UaPorsheImpl implements Porshe {
    public long getPorshePrice() {
        return 2000;
    }
}
class UaCarPriceAbsFactory implements InteAbsFactory {
    public Lada getLada() {
        return new UaLadaImpl();
    }
    public Ferrari getFerrari() {
        return new UaFerrariImpl();
    }
    public Porshe getPorshe() {
        return new UaPorsheImpl();
    }
} // First
class RuLadaImpl implements Lada { // Second
    public long getLadaPrice() {
        return 10000;
    }
}
class RuFerrariImpl implements Ferrari {
    public long getFerrariPrice() {
        return 30000;
    }
}
class RuPorsheImpl implements Porshe {
    public long getPorshePrice() {
        return 20000;
    }
}
class RuCarPriceAbsFactory implements InteAbsFactory {
    public Lada getLada() {
        return new RuLadaImpl();
    }
    public Ferrari getFerrari() {
        return new RuFerrariImpl();
    }
    public Porshe getPorshe() {
        return new RuPorsheImpl();
    }
} // Second

public class AbstractFactoryTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String country = "UA";
        InteAbsFactory ifactory = null;
        if(country.equals("UA")) {
            ifactory = new UaCarPriceAbsFactory();
        } else if(country.equals("RU")) {
            ifactory = new RuCarPriceAbsFactory();
        }

        Lada lada = ifactory.getLada();
        System.out.println(lada.getLadaPrice());
    }
}

建設者

說明：用於使用簡單對象創建複雜對象。它逐漸從一個小而簡單的對象創建一個大對象。允許您更改最終產品的內部表示。 執行：


class Car {
    public void buildBase() {
        print("Building the base");
    }
    public void buildWheels() {
        print("Installing wheels");
    }
    public void buildEngine(Engine engine) {
        print("Installing engine: " + engine.getEngineType());
    }
    private void print(String msg){
        System.out.println(msg);
    }
}
interface Engine {
    String getEngineType();
}
class EngineOne implements Engine {
    public String getEngineType() {
        return "First engine";
    }
}
class EngineTwo implements Engine {
    public String getEngineType() {
        return "Second engine";
    }
}
abstract class Builder {
    protected Car car;
    public abstract Car buildCar();
}
class OneBuilderImpl extends Builder {
    public OneBuilderImpl(){
        car = new Car();
    }
    public Car buildCar() {
        car.buildBase();
        car.buildWheels();
        Engine engine = new EngineOne();
        car.buildEngine(engine);
        return car;
    }
}
class TwoBuilderImpl extends Builder {
    public TwoBuilderImpl(){
        car = new Car();
    }
    public Car buildCar() {
        car.buildBase();
        car.buildWheels();
        Engine engine = new EngineOne();
        car.buildEngine(engine);
        car.buildWheels();
        engine = new EngineTwo();
        car.buildEngine(engine);
        return car;
    }
}
class Build {
    private Builder builder;
    public Build(int i){
        if(i == 1) {
            builder = new OneBuilderImpl();
        } else if(i == 2) {
            builder = new TwoBuilderImpl();
        }
    }
    public Car buildCar(){
        return builder.buildCar();
    }
}

public class BuilderTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Build build = new Build(1);
        build.buildCar();
    }
}

原型

說明：有助於提高創建重複對象時的性能；它不是創建新對象，而是創建並返回現有對象的克隆。克隆現有對象。 執行：


interface Copyable {
    Copyable copy();
}
class ComplicatedObject implements Copyable {
    private Type type;
    public enum Type {
        ONE, TWO
    }
    public ComplicatedObject copy() {
        ComplicatedObject complicatedObject = new ComplicatedObject();
        return complicatedObject;
    }
    public void setType(Type type) {
        this.type = type;
    }
}

public class PrototypeTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ComplicatedObject prototype = new ComplicatedObject();
        ComplicatedObject clone = prototype.copy();
        clone.setType(ComplicatedObject.Type.ONE);
    }
}

結構性的

適配器

說明：我們可以使用適配器模式來組合兩個不兼容的接口。它充當兩個不兼容對象之間的轉換器。 執行：


class PBank {
	private int balance;
	public PBank() { balance = 100; }
	public void getBalance() {
		System.out.println("PBank balance = " + balance);
	}
}
class ABank {
	private int balance;
	public ABank() { balance = 200; }
	public void getBalance() {
		System.out.println("ABank balance = " + balance);
	}
}
class PBankAdapter extends PBank {
	private ABank abank;
	public PBankAdapter(ABank abank) {
		this.abank = abank;
	}
	public void getBalance() {
		abank.getBalance();
	}
}

public class AdapterTest { // Test
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		PBank pbank = new PBank();
		pbank.getBalance();
		PBankAdapter abank = new PBankAdapter(new ABank());
		abank.getBalance();
	}
}

合成的

說明：使用一個類將多個對象分組為樹結構。允許您通過單個對象使用多個類。 執行：


import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
interface Car {
    void draw(String color);
}
class SportsCar implements Car {
    public void draw(String color) {
        System.out.println("SportsCar color: " + color);
    }
}
class UnknownCar implements Car {
    public void draw(String color) {
        System.out.println("UnknownCar color: " + color);
    }
}
class Drawing implements Car {
    private List<Car> cars = new ArrayList<Car>();
    public void draw(String color) {
        for(Car car : cars) {
            car.draw(color);
        }
    }
    public void add(Car s){
        this.cars.add(s);
    }
    public void clear(){
		System.out.println();
        this.cars.clear();
    }
}

public class CompositeTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car sportsCar = new SportsCar();
        Car unknownCar = new UnknownCar();
        Drawing drawing = new Drawing();
        drawing.add(sportsCar);
        drawing.add(unknownCar);
        drawing.draw("green");
        drawing.clear();
        drawing.add(sportsCar);
        drawing.add(unknownCar);
        drawing.draw("white");
    }
}

代理人

說明：表示可以通過攔截其他對象的方法調用來控制其他對象的對象。您可以攔截原始對象的方法調用。 執行：


interface Image {
    void display();
}
class RealImage implements Image {
    private String file;
    public RealImage(String file){
        this.file = file;
        load(file);
    }
    private void load(String file){
        System.out.println("Loading " + file);
    }
    public void display() {
        System.out.println("Displaying " + file);
    }
}
class ProxyImage implements Image {
    private String file;
    private RealImage image;
    public ProxyImage(String file){
        this.file = file;
    }
    public void display() {
        if(image == null){
            image = new RealImage(file);
        }
        image.display();
    }
}

public class ProxyTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Image image = new ProxyImage("test.jpg");
        image.display();
        image.display();
    }
}

蠅量級

描述：重用對象而不是創建大量相似的對象。節省內存。 執行：


class Flyweight {
    private int row;
    public Flyweight(int row) {
        this.row = row;
        System.out.println("ctor: " + this.row);
    }
    void report(int col) {
        System.out.print(" " + row + col);
    }
}

class Factory {
    private Flyweight[] pool;
    public Factory(int maxRows) {
        pool = new Flyweight[maxRows];
    }
    public Flyweight getFlyweight(int row) {
        if (pool[row] == null) {
            pool[row] = new Flyweight(row);
        }
        return pool[row];
    }
}

public class FlyweightTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int rows = 5;
        Factory theFactory = new Factory(rows);
        for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < rows; j++) {
                theFactory.getFlyweight(i).report(j);
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
    }
}

正面

說明：通過將所有調用添加到一個對象來隱藏複雜的類系統。將多個複雜對象的方法調用置於單個對像中。 執行：


interface Car {
    void start();
    void stop();
}
class Key implements Car {
    public void start() {
        System.out.println("Insert keys");
    }
    public void stop() {
        System.out.println("Remove keys");
    }
}
class Engine implements Car {
    public void start() {
        System.out.println("Start engine");
    }
    public void stop() {
        System.out.println ("Stop engine");
    }
}
class Facade {
    private Key key;
    private Engine engine;
    public Facade() {
        key = new Key();
        engine = new Engine();
    }
    public void startCar() {
        key.start();
        engine.start();
    }
    public void stoptCar() {
        key.stop();
        engine.stop();
    }
}

public class FacadeTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Facade facade = new Facade();
        facade.startCar();
        System.out.println();
        facade.stoptCar();
    }
}

橋

描述：將實現與抽象分開，使得可以獨立於彼此進行更改。使特定類獨立於實現接口的類。 執行：


interface Engine {
    void setEngine();
}
abstract class Car {
    protected Engine engine;
    public Car(Engine engine){
        this.engine = engine;
    }
    abstract public void setEngine();
}
class SportsCar extends Car {
    public SportsCar(Engine engine) {
        super(engine);
    }
    public void setEngine() {
        System.out.print("SportsCar engine: ");
        engine.setEngine();
    }
}
class UnknownCar extends Car {
    public UnknownCar(Engine engine) {
        super(engine);
    }
    public void setEngine() {
        System.out.print("UnknownCar engine: ");
        engine.setEngine();
    }
}
class PerformanceEngine implements Engine {
    public void setEngine(){
        System.out.println("sport");
    }
}
class UnknownEngine implements Engine {
    public void setEngine(){
        System.out.println("unknown");
    }
}
public class BridgeTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car sportsCar = new SportsCar(new PerformanceEngine());
        sportsCar.setEngine();
        System.out.println();
        Car unknownCar = new UnknownCar(new UnknownEngine());
        unknownCar.setEngine();
    }
}

裝潢師

說明：向現有對象添加新功能而不綁定其結構。 執行：


interface Car {
    void draw();
}
class SportsCar implements Car {
    public void draw() {
        System.out.println("SportsCar");
    }
}
class UnknownCar implements Car {
    public void draw() {
        System.out.println("UnknownCar");
    }
}
abstract class CarDecorator implements Car {
    protected Car decorated;
    public CarDecorator(Car decorated){
        this.decorated = decorated;
    }
    public void draw(){
        decorated.draw();
    }
}
class BlueCarDecorator extends CarDecorator {
    public BlueCarDecorator(Car decorated) {
        super(decorated);
    }
    public void draw() {
        decorated.draw();
        setColor();
    }
    private void setColor(){
        System.out.println("Color: red");
    }
}

public class DecoratorTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car sportsCar = new SportsCar();
        Car blueUnknownCar = new BlueCarDecorator(new UnknownCar());
        sportsCar.draw();
        System.out.println();
        blueUnknownCar.draw();
    }
}

行為的

模板方法

說明：讓您定義一個基本算法，並允許後代在不改變其整體結構的情況下覆蓋該算法的某些步驟。 執行：


abstract class Car {
    abstract void startEngine();
    abstract void stopEngine();

    public final void start(){
        startEngine();
        stopEngine();
    }
}
class CarOne extends Car {
    public void startEngine() {
        System.out.println("Start engine.");
    }
    public void stopEngine() {
        System.out.println("Stop engine.");
    }
}
class CarTwo extends Car {
    public void startEngine() {
        System.out.println("Start engine.");
    }
    public void stopEngine() {
        System.out.println("Stop engine.");
    }
}

public class TemplateTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car car1 = new CarOne();
        car1.start();
        System.out.println();
        Car car2 = new CarTwo();
        car2.start();
    }
}

調解員

描述：提供一個中介類來處理不同類之間的所有通信。 執行：


class Mediator {
    public static void sendMessage(User user, String msg){
        System.out.println(user.getName() + ": " + msg);
    }
}
class User {
    private String name;
    public User(String name){
        this.name  = name;
    }
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public void sendMessage(String msg){
        Mediator.sendMessage(this, msg);
    }
}

public class MediatorTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        User user1 = new User("user1");
        User user2 = new User("user2");
        user1.sendMessage("message1");
        user2.sendMessage("message2");
    }
}

責任鏈

描述：可以避免請求的發送者和接收者之間的嚴格依賴；此外，請求可以由多個對象處理。 執行：


interface Payment {
    void setNext(Payment payment);
    void pay();
}
class VisaPayment implements Payment {
    private Payment payment;
    public void setNext(Payment payment) {
        this.payment = payment;
    }
    public void pay() {
        System.out.println("Visa Payment");
    }
}
class PayPalPayment implements Payment {
    private Payment payment;
    public void setNext(Payment payment) {
        this.payment = payment;
    }
    public void pay() {
        System.out.println("PayPal Payment");
    }
}

public class ChainofResponsibilityTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Payment visaPayment = new VisaPayment();
        Payment payPalPayment = new PayPalPayment();
        visaPayment.setNext(payPalPayment);
        visaPayment.pay();
    }
}

觀察者

說明：允許一個對象觀察其他對象發生的情況。 執行：


import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
interface Observer {
    void event(List<String> strings);
}
class University {
    private List<Observer> observers = new ArrayList<Observer>();
    private List<String> students = new ArrayList<String>();
    public void addStudent(String name) {
        students.add(name);
        notifyObservers();
    }
    public void removeStudent(String name) {
        students.remove(name);
        notifyObservers();
    }
    public void addObserver(Observer observer){
        observers.add(observer);
    }
    public void removeObserver(Observer observer) {
        observers.remove(observer);
    }
    public void notifyObservers(){
        for (Observer observer : observers) {
            observer.event(students);
        }
    }
}
class Director implements Observer {
    public void event(List<String> strings) {
        System.out.println("The list of students has changed: " + strings);
    }
}

public class ObserverTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        University university = new University();
        Director director = new Director();
        university.addStudent("Oscar");
        university.addObserver(director);
        university.addStudent("Anna");
        university.removeStudent("Oscar");
    }
}

戰略

描述：定義一組算法並允許它們交互。允許在運行時更改策略（算法）。 執行：


interface Strategy {
    void download(String file);
}
class WindowsDownloadStrategy implements Strategy {
    public void download(String file) {
        System.out.println("windows download: " + file);
    }
}
class LinuxDownloadStrategy implements Strategy {
    public void download(String file) {
        System.out.println("linux download: " + file);
    }
}
class Context {
    private Strategy strategy;
    public Context(Strategy strategy){
        this.strategy = strategy;
    }
    public void download(String file){
        strategy.download(file);
    }
}

public class StrategyTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Context context = new Context(new WindowsDownloadStrategy());
        context.download("file.txt");
        context = new Context(new LinuxDownloadStrategy());
        context.download("file.txt");
    }
}

命令

說明：允許您將各種操作封裝在單個對像中。 執行：


interface Command {
    void execute();
}
class Car {
    public void startEngine() {
        System.out.println("Start engine");
    }
    public void stopEngine() {
        System.out.println ("Stop engine");
    }
}
class StartCar implements Command {
    Car car;
    public StartCar(Car car) {
        this.car = car;
    }
    public void execute() {
        car.startEngine();
    }
}
class StopCar implements Command {
    Car car;
    public StopCar(Car car) {
        this.car = car;
    }
    public void execute() {
        car.stopEngine();
    }
}
class CarInvoker {
    public Command command;
    public CarInvoker(Command command){
        this.command = command;
    }
    public void execute(){
        this.command.execute();
    }
}

public class CommandTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car car = new Car();
        StartCar startCar = new StartCar(car);
        StopCar stopCar = new StopCar(car);
        CarInvoker carInvoker = new CarInvoker(startCar);
        carInvoker.execute();
    }
}

狀態

說明：允許對像根據其狀態更改其行為。 執行：


interface State {
    void doAction();
}
class StartPlay implements State {
    public void doAction() {
        System.out.println("start play");
    }
}
class StopPlay implements State {
    public void doAction() {
        System.out.println("stop play");
    }
}
class PlayContext implements State {
    private State state;
    public void setState(State state){
        this.state = state;
    }
    public void doAction() {
        this.state.doAction();
    }
}

public class StateTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        PlayContext playContext = new PlayContext();
        State startPlay = new StartPlay();
        State stopPlay = new StopPlay();
        playContext.setState(startPlay);
        playContext.doAction();
        playContext.setState(stopPlay);
        playContext.doAction();
    }
}

遊客

說明：用於簡化對相關對象組的操作。 執行：


interface Visitor {
    void visit(SportsCar sportsCar);
    void visit(Engine engine);
    void visit(Wheel wheel);
}
interface Car {
    void accept(Visitor visitor);
}
class Engine implements Car {
    public void accept(Visitor visitor) {
        visitor.visit(this);
    }
}
class Wheel implements Car {
    public void accept(Visitor visitor) {
        visitor.visit(this);
    }
}
class SportsCar implements Car {
    Car[] cars;
    public SportsCar(){
        cars = new Car[]{new Engine(), new Wheel()};
    }
    public void accept(Visitor visitor) {
        for (int i = 0; i < cars.length; i++) {
            cars[i].accept(visitor);
        }
        visitor.visit(this);
    }
}
class CarVisitor implements Visitor {
    public void visit(SportsCar computer) {
        print("car");
    }
    public void visit(Engine engine) {
        print("engine");
    }
    public void visit(Wheel wheel) {
        print("wheel");
    }
    private void print(String string) {
        System.out.println(string);
    }
}

public class VisitorTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car computer = new SportsCar();
        computer.accept(new CarVisitor());
    }
}

口譯員

描述：允許您在問題域中定義簡單語言的語法。 執行：


interface Expression {
    String interpret(Context context);
}
class Context {
     public String getLowerCase(String s){
        return s.toLowerCase();
    }
    public String getUpperCase(String s){
        return s.toUpperCase();
    }
}
 class LowerExpression implements Expression {
    private String s;
     public LowerExpression(String s) {
        this.s = s;
    }
    public String interpret(Context context) {
        return context.getLowerCase(s);
    }
}
class UpperExpression implements Expression {
    private String s;
    public UpperExpression(String s) {
        this.s = s;
    }
    public String interpret(Context context) {
        return context.getUpperCase(s);
    }
}

public class InterpreterTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str = "TesT";
        Context context = new Context();
         Expression lowerExpression = new LowerExpression(str);
         str = lowerExpression.interpret(context);
        System.out.println(str);
        Expression upperExpression = new UpperExpression(str);
        str = upperExpression.interpret(context);
        System.out.println(str);
    }
}

迭代器

說明：迭代器在不知道其基礎形式的情況下順序訪問集合的元素。 執行：


interface Iterator {
    boolean hasNext();
    Object next();
}
class Numbers {
    public int num[] = {1 , 2, 3};
    public Iterator getIterator() {
        return new NumbersIterator();
    }
    private class NumbersIterator implements Iterator {
        int ind;
        public boolean hasNext() {
            if(ind < num.length) return true;
            return false;
        }
        public Object next() {
            if(this.hasNext()) return num[ind++];
            return null;
        }
    }
}

public class IteratorTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Numbers numbers = new Numbers();
        Iterator iterator = numbers.getIterator();
        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
            System.out.println(iterator.next());
        }
    }
}

紀念

說明：允許您保存對象的當前狀態；稍後可以恢復此狀態。不違反封裝。 執行：


import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
class Memento {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    public Memento(String name, int age){
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
}
class User {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    public User(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        System.out.println(String.format("create: name = %s, age = %s", name, age));
    }
    public Memento save(){
        System.out.println(String.format("save: name = %s, age = %s", name, age));
        return new Memento(name, age);
    }
    public void restore(Memento memento){
        name = memento.getName();
        age = memento.getAge();
        System.out.println(String.format("restore: name = %s, age = %s", name, age));
    }
}
class SaveUser {
    private List<Memento> list = new ArrayList<Memento>();
    public void add(Memento memento){
        list.add(memento);
    }
    public Memento get(int ind){
        return list.get(ind);
    }
}

public class MementoTest { // Test
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SaveUser saveUser = new SaveUser();
        User user1 = new User("Peter", 17);
        User user2 = new User("Ian", 19);
        saveUser.add(user1.save());
        user1.restore(saveUser.get(0));
    }
}

祝你編程順利！

更多閱讀：
Java 中的設計模式 [第 1 部分]