메서드 call, bind 및 apply

    
      function greet(greeting, punctuation) {
        console.log(greeting + ', ' + this.name + punctuation);
      }

      const person = { name: 'John' };

      greet.call(person, 'Hello', '!'); // Output: Hello, John!
    
  

    
      function greet(greeting, punctuation) {
        console.log(greeting + ', ' + this.name + punctuation);
      }

      const person = { name: 'John' };

      greet.apply(person, ['Hello', '!']); // Output: Hello, John!
    
  

    
      function greet(greeting, punctuation) {
        console.log(greeting + ', ' + this.name + punctuation);
      }

      const person = { name: 'John' };

      const boundGreet = greet.bind(person, 'Hello');
      boundGreet('!'); // Output: Hello, John!
    
  

    
      function Product(name, price) {
        this.name = name;
        this.price = price;
      }

      function Food(name, price, category) {
        Product.call(this, name, price);
        this.category = category;
      }

      const cheese = new Food('Cheese', 5, 'Dairy');
      console.log(cheese); // Output: Food { name: 'Cheese', price: 5, category: 'Dairy' }
    
  

    
      function sum(a, b, c) {
        return a + b + c;
      }

      const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
      console.log(sum.apply(null, numbers)); // Output: 6
    
  

    
      const module = {
        x: 42,
        getX: function() {
          return this.x;
        }
      };

      const unboundGetX = module.getX;
      console.log(unboundGetX()); // Output: undefined

      const boundGetX = unboundGetX.bind(module);
      console.log(boundGetX()); // Output: 42
    
  

    
      function printArguments() {
        Array.prototype.forEach.call(arguments, function(item) {
          console.log(item);
        });
      }

      printArguments(1, 2, 3); // Output: 1, 2, 3
    
  

    
      const array1 = [1, 2, 3];
      const array2 = [4, 5, 6];

      Array.prototype.push.apply(array1, array2);
      console.log(array1); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
    
  

    
      function multiply(a, b) {
        return a * b;
      }

      const double = multiply.bind(null, 2);
      console.log(double(5)); // Output: 10