10.1 如何使用 Canvas 的基礎
Canvas API 提供給開發者很棒的工具用來在 web 應用程式中創建二維圖形和動畫。 在這節課中,我們會了解如何使用 Canvas API 的基礎,包括創建元素、繪製圖形和創建動畫。
創建 <canvas> 元素
在 HTML 中,使用 <canvas> 元素來創建一個畫布區域,在這裡可以執行各種圖形操作:
HTML
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
獲取繪圖上下文
要在 <canvas> 元素上進行繪圖操作,需要獲取繪圖上下文。 對於二維圖形,使用 2d 上下文:
JavaScript
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
10.2 在 Canvas 上繪圖
1. 矩形
Canvas API 提供了方法來繪製填充和描邊的矩形。
填充矩形 — fillRect:
HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
ctx.fillStyle = 'blue';
ctx.fillRect(10, 10, 150, 100);
</script>
</body>
</html>
描邊矩形 — strokeRect:
HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
ctx.strokeStyle = 'red';
ctx.strokeRect(200, 10, 150, 100);
</script>
</body>
</html>
清除區域
使用 clearRect 方法來清除指定區域:
HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
ctx.strokeStyle = 'red';
ctx.strokeRect(200, 10, 150, 100);
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, 800, 600);
</script>
</body>
</html>
2. 線條
使用 beginPath 方法開始新的路徑,還有 moveTo 和 lineTo 方法來定義線條的座標:
HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(50, 150);
ctx.lineTo(250, 150);
ctx.lineTo(150, 300);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.stroke();
</script>
</body>
</html>
3. 圓和弧
使用 arc 方法來繪製圓和弧:
HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(400, 75, 50, 0, Math.PI * 2);
ctx.fillStyle = 'green';
ctx.fill();
</script>
</body>
</html>
4. 文字
使用 fillText 和 strokeText 方法來繪製文字:
HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
ctx.font = '30px Arial';
ctx.fillStyle = 'black';
ctx.fillText('Hello Canvas', 10, 350);
</script>
</body>
</html>
5. 漸層
Canvas API 支援創建線性和放射性漸層。
線性漸層:
HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
const gradient = ctx.createLinearGradient(0, 0, 200, 0);
gradient.addColorStop(0, 'red');
gradient.addColorStop(1, 'blue');
ctx.fillStyle = gradient;
ctx.fillRect(10, 10, 200, 100);
</script>
</body>
</html>
放射性漸層:
HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
const radialGradient = ctx.createRadialGradient(400, 200, 20, 400, 200, 100);
radialGradient.addColorStop(0, 'yellow');
radialGradient.addColorStop(1, 'green');
ctx.fillStyle = radialGradient;
ctx.fillRect(300, 100, 200, 200);
</script>
</body>
</html>
6. 圖像
使用 drawImage 方法在 Canvas 上繪製圖像:
HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
const img = new Image();
img.onload = function() {
ctx.drawImage(img, 256, 256);
};
img.src = 'https://cdn.javarush.com/images/article/ebb06cf3-0e04-45bd-a33e-31fe096fd323/256.jpeg';
</script>
</body>
</html>
HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
const img = new Image();
img.onload = function() {
ctx.drawImage(img, 256, 256);
};
img.src = 'path/to/image-1.jpg';
</script>
</body>
</html>
10.3 在 Canvas 上的動畫
要創建動畫,可以使用 requestAnimationFrame 方法,它會調用指定函數來繪製動畫的新幀。
1. 動畫的基礎
簡單動畫的例子:
HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
let x = 0;
let y = 0;
function animate() {
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
ctx.fillStyle = 'blue';
ctx.fillRect(x, y, 50, 50);
x += 2;
y += 2;
requestAnimationFrame(animate);
}
animate();
</script>
</body>
</html>
2. 複雜的動畫
圓形動畫的例子:
HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
let angle = 0;
function animateCircle() {
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
const centerX = canvas.width / 2;
const centerY = canvas.height / 2;
const radius = 50;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(centerX, centerY, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2);
ctx.fillStyle = 'blue';
ctx.fill();
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(centerX + Math.cos(angle) * 100, centerY + Math.sin(angle) * 100, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2);
ctx.fillStyle = 'red';
ctx.fill();
angle += 0.05;
requestAnimationFrame(animateCircle);
}
animateCircle();
</script>
</body>
</html>
3. 使用定時器
也可以使用 setInterval 和 setTimeout 方法來創建動畫。
使用 setInterval 的動畫例子:
HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="800" height="600"></canvas>
<script>
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
let x = 0;
let y = 0;
function draw() {
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
ctx.fillStyle = 'blue';
ctx.fillRect(x, y, 50, 50);
x += 2;
y += 2;
}
setInterval(draw, 30);
</script>
</body>
</html>
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