Introduction to Linux: History, Usage, Advantages

1. Getting to Know Linux

Welcome to the world of Linux! Today we’re starting our journey by answering the big question: what is Linux, why is it so popular in the IT world, and how can using it completely transform your professional growth? This lecture will be your starting point to learn about a system that powers 90% of the world’s servers, nearly all supercomputers, and even your smartphones.

Linux: Not an OS, But a Kernel

One of the first things you need to understand about Linux is that Linux itself is not a full-fledged operating system (OS). Linux is a kernel, which means it’s the "heart" of any operating system. It handles the interaction between hardware and software. In other words, it lets your processor, memory, disks, and other components "talk" to applications.

Thousands of operating systems called distributions have been built on the Linux kernel (we’ll talk about this in the next lecture). The Linux kernel is like a car engine. You need a body, wheels, and a steering wheel (all provided by the distribution) to get the final product.

Why Linux?

Linux (pronounced "Lee-nux", though the IT community says it differently everywhere) was created in 1991 by a talented programmer named Linus Torvalds. Linus was looking for his own solution to make a convenient operating system as a learning project, and at first, it was just a personal project. A little over 30 years later, and now Linux is everywhere.

---

2. History and Evolution of Linux

The Beginning

In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a university student in Finland, decided to create his own OS kernel. Linus was inspired by the Minix operating system, which was used for educational purposes. But he wanted more. Linus developed the first version of Linux and made it publicly available, saying: "This is just a hobby, it won't be big and professional like GNU". Talk about self-irony, right?

Torvalds' work turned out to be so impressive that thousands of developers worldwide joined his project. Together, they created the modern Linux kernel, which has spread across the globe.

Freedom with Open Source

Linux became a cornerstone of the Open Source movement. Anyone can view the Linux source code, use it, modify it, and even distribute their own versions. This makes Linux not only free but also incredibly flexible.

Evolution

Since its early versions, Linux has grown from a small hobby project to a kernel that is used in:

• Corporate servers of giants like Google, Facebook, and Amazon.
• Supercomputers (all 500 of the world's most powerful supercomputers run on Linux).
• Millions of mobile devices (Android also runs on the Linux kernel).
• Space (for example, NASA uses Linux for its missions).

---

3. Where is Linux used?

Most people have no idea how widespread Linux is. So, here are a few use cases:

1. Servers

If you've ever used the internet (and you obviously are right now), you've interacted with a Linux-based server. Around 90% of all web servers run on this system. Why? It's stable, reliable, and can run for years without rebooting.

2. Embedded Systems

From smart TVs to internet routers, from microwaves to Tesla cars—Linux is everywhere. Tons of IoT (Internet of Things) devices run on stripped-down versions of Linux.

3. Mobile Devices

Android, the most popular mobile OS in the world, operates on the Linux kernel. Think different? Yep, even iOS users interact indirectly with Linux via the vast infrastructure of web services.

4. Desktop PCs

While Linux is less common on home computers than Windows or macOS, it's perfect for developers, engineers, and anyone who loves the freedom to customize their workspace.

5. Supercomputers

Linux reigns supreme in the supercomputer world. All of the top 500 most powerful supercomputers in the world use Linux due to its performance and flexibility.

---

4. Advantages of Linux

1. Free and licensed

Linux is free. Yep, you read that right. Plus, it's distributed under the GPL (General Public License), which means you can modify, copy, and share it totally legally.

2. Security

Viruses? No thanks. Linux is famous for its resistance to malware. This is due to its architecture and an active community that quickly fixes vulnerabilities.

3. Speed and lightness

Linux runs on old computers just as well as it does on modern servers. For instance, distributions like Lubuntu or Puppy Linux can bring even an ancient laptop back to life.

4. Scalability and reliability

Linux servers can run for years without a reboot. This system is perfect for large projects where critical failures are not an option.

5. Community support

The Linux community is its heart and soul. If you have a question, chances are someone has already asked it on forums, and someone else answered it. And if you love solving others' problems, this is a great place to grow.

---

5. Practical use of Linux knowledge

Cool facts about Linux

• Linux in space. NASA uses Linux in its projects and landing modules. Can you imagine? Your favorite terminal is right there on Mars!
• Tux the Penguin. The Linux logo is an adorable penguin named Tux. The legend says Linus Torvalds came up with it after being bitten by a penguin at the zoo. Memorable, isn’t it?
• Linux in movies. If you see programmers in movies working with a terminal, chances are it’s Linux.

Application

Knowing Linux can open doors to the world of DevOps, cybersecurity, server administration, and software development. Here are a few real-life use cases:

1. Development and testing: Linux is perfect for creating websites, apps, clouds, and containers.
2. Network administration: With the Linux console, you can manage the entire network of a large company.
3. IT career: Many job listings require at least basic knowledge of working with Linux, especially if you deal with servers, Docker, or Kubernetes.

And of course, being able to work with Linux is a must-have skill for system administrators, network engineers, and DevOps professionals.

---

6. Linux and Your Future

Linux is a brilliant combination of simplicity and incredible power. And while at first it might feel like solving a complicated puzzle, don’t worry: step by step you’ll learn how to piece it together. It’s no surprise that many developers say switching to Linux was one of the best decisions in their careers.

If you want to dive into Docker and use its potential effectively, learning Linux is a must! Docker is built on Linux OS technologies like namespaces, cgroups, and file systems. A Docker image is basically a small virtual machine running on Linux.

Knowing Linux helps you understand what’s happening inside containers, set up networks, work with files, and manage processes. Once you master Linux, you’ll have control over containers, know how to debug issues, and optimize applications.

Start today — learn Linux, and Docker will become your powerful tool for development and deployment!