Types of Linux Distributions: Debian, RedHat, Ubuntu, CentOS

1. Main Distribution Families

What is a distribution?

Imagine Linux is like a Lego set. Its kernel is the foundation, and the apps, utilities, system services, and shells are the pieces. A distribution (or just "distro") is a collection of these pieces, put together with its unique design and functionality.

In simple terms, a distribution is an operating system built around the Linux kernel, with added tools, utilities, graphical interfaces, and other components. Each distribution is tailored for specific tasks: use on servers, workstations, embedded devices, or for various user levels.

All distributions can generally be divided into several "families." Let’s get to know two big players: Debian-based and RedHat-based.

Debian-based

Debian-based distributions trace their roots back to one big, friendly ancestor — Debian. It’s one of the oldest Linux distributions (born in 1993). It's known for its stability and huge community support.

Popular members of this family:

• Debian — the "titan" of stability, often chosen for servers.
• Ubuntu — a newbie-friendly distribution that’s great for desktops.
• Linux Mint — a lightweight and user-friendly system designed to appeal to Windows users.

Features of Debian-based distributions:

• They use the APT package manager (Advanced Packaging Tool) and .deb package format.
• Very stable but sometimes not as "fresh" (packages may be older versions compared to other distributions).
• Great for users who need a reliable and proven setup.

Example command to install a program on a Debian-based system:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install vim

RedHat-based

RedHat-based distributions trace their roots back to RedHat Linux, created in 1994. They are often geared towards the corporate sector and server solutions.

Popular members of this family:

• Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) — a commercial distribution with official support.
• CentOS — a free version of RHEL, popular for servers.
• Fedora — an advanced distribution used for testing new technologies.

Features of RedHat-based distributions:

• They use the YUM or DNF package manager and .rpm package format.
• A steeper learning curve for newbies due to a focus on server tasks.
• Operating system updates are sometimes more "aggressive" than Debian-based ones.

Example command to install a program on a RedHat-based system:

sudo yum install vim

Or, if you’re using a more modern distribution:

sudo dnf install vim

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2. When to choose a specific distribution?

Let's get to the good stuff: which distribution should you choose? The answer depends on your goals.

Examples:

• If you want to try Linux but are scared of its complexity, go ahead and install Ubuntu. Its interface is user-friendly, and installing software is as easy as two clicks.
• For servers where reliability and support are crucial, CentOS or Debian will work best.
• Developers looking for the latest tech can check out Fedora.

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3. Features of Popular Distributions

Now let's take a look at some of the popular distributions and their features.

1. Ubuntu

Ubuntu is the "star" among Linux distributions, especially for beginners. Its popularity is due to the developers' focus on convenience and accessibility.

Main points:

• Released by Canonical, with stable releases every 6 months.
• Graphical interface aimed at user-friendliness.
• Great choice for desktops and servers.
• Command to update the system:

  sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade

2. CentOS

CentOS is the perfect choice for those who want the stability of Red Hat without paying for a subscription.

Main points:

• Excellent for server tasks and large systems.
• Released slowly, ensuring high stability.
• Command to update the system:

  sudo yum update -y

3. Fedora

Fedora is a "hot experiment" in the Linux world. If you want to try out the latest technologies, this distribution is for you.

Main points:

• Frequently releases the newest versions of applications.
• Great for developers.
• Command to install packages:

  sudo dnf install nano

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4. Debian vs RedHat: What to Choose?

Many beginners wonder: which is better — Debian or RedHat? The truth is that both are great, but for different tasks.

• Debian-based is better suited for desktops and servers where stability, simplicity, and ease of use are required.
• RedHat-based is more often chosen for enterprise solutions, server infrastructure, and experimental development.

However, this isn't a strict rule. For example, you can totally use Fedora for a desktop or Debian for servers.

Why is it important to understand the difference?

In real life, the choice of a distribution can significantly impact your productivity. In interviews for DevOps engineers and system administrators, they often ask if you know the differences between RedHat and Debian. For example, you might be asked to explain how to install a package in CentOS or talk about which distribution you'd choose for the cloud.

When you understand the differences between distributions, you stop being just a user and become a pro who knows how and why to make a choice. So don’t be afraid to experiment and try different options!